Items of № 4 — 2026

Designing a secure enterprise network infrastructure: from architecture to software and hardware security solutions

S.S. Sokolov, Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, rector, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); sokolovss@gumrf.ru

O.S. Lauta, Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); laos-82@yandex.ru

M.V. Mitrofanov, ITMO National Research University, associate professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); vonafortim@yandex.ru

A.S. Kurakin, LLC Special Technology Center, head of department, Ph.D.; nirt@mail.ru

N.N. Kramskoy, LLC Special Technology Center, deputy director for the development of special tools — general designer of systems and complexes of cryptographic information protection; kram.com@mail.ru

UDC 004.056.5
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.78.4.001

Abstract. This article proposes a comprehensive approach to designing a secure enterprise network infrastructure based on Security by Design principles, which involves integrating security requirements across all stages of the system lifecycle – from physical hardware deployment to application software configuration. The study developed a reference architecture that includes network segmentation at the L3 level, the use of bastion servers for administration, a centralized access control system, disabling unused services, and strict traffic filtering. Experimental verification on a testbed demonstrated that the proposed architecture effectively blocks attempts at lateral movement within the network, increases resilience to DDoS attacks, and ensures 95% of incidents are detected within the first 5 minutes.

Keywords: protected network infrastructure, information security, network architecture, cyber threats, firewalling, DDoS protection, access control (IAM), backup.

For citation: Sokolov, S.S.Designing a secure enterprise network infrastructure: from architecture to software and hardware security solutions / S.S. Sokolov, O.S. Lauta, M.V. Mitrofanov et al. // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 4. – P. 2-14. (in russian)

Model of destructive impacts based on nonlinear effects in fiber-optic communication lines with a flexible frequency grid

A.P. Boyko, S.M. Budyonny’s Military Telecommunication Academy, doctoral candidate, Ph.D.; varenyxa89@gmail.com

S.M. Odoevskii, Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech); odse2017@mail.ru

S.A. Yasinskii, S.M. Budyonny’s Military Telecommunication Academy, senior researcher, associate professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech); yasinsky777@mail.ru

UDC 621.391.63
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.78.4.002

Abstract. This paper proposes a mathematical model of destructive impacts based on the exploitation of nonlinear effects in optical fiber. A scenario is considered in which a potential adversary has partial access to the spectral resources of a fiber-optic communication line under the implementation of the “spectrum-as-a-service” concept. It is shown that by generating high-power optical signals within a limited frequency band, it is possible to deliberately degrade the transmission quality of legitimate optical channels due to nonlinear interference. Within the proposed model, spectral and power constraints on the actions of a potential adversary are formalized, the notion of a destructive impact scenario is introduced, and a quantitative damage metric is proposed, based on the violation of transmission quality requirements for optical signals in a target frequency range. The resulting model enables the analysis of spectrally selective attacks, identification of the most vulnerable spectral fragments, and provides a foundation for the development of methods to enhance the survivability of flexible optical networks.

Keywords: flexible optical networks, nonlinear effects, destructive impacts.

For citation: Boyko, A.P. Model of destructive impacts based on nonlinear effects in fiber-optic communication lines with a flexible frequency grid / A.P. Boyko, S.M. Odoevskii, S.A. Yasinskii // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 4. – P. 15-24. (in russian)

Static balancing of servers in data center networks

E.A. Gaifutdinov, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics (MTUCI), postgraduate; Estu.d.379@mail.ru

E.A. Saksonov, MTUCI, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); e.a.saksonov@mtuci.ru

UDC 004.75
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.78.4.003

Abstract. The results of the analysis of the static weighted round robin (WRR) balancing method, which can be used for server load balancing in data centers, are presented. To implement the balancing algorithm, a polling cycle is used, which allows to ensure the required frequencies of connection to servers without conflicts. It is shown that when using a polling cycle, it is necessary to take into account errors associated with integer values of cycle parameters. The results obtained can be useful for network administrators of data centers when choosing servers and distributing requests between servers.

Keywords: data center, static balancing, polling cycle, server balancing, request flow.

For citation: Gaifutdinov, E.A. Static balancing of servers in data center networks / E.A. Gaifutdinov, E.A. Saksonov // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 4. – P. 25-35. (in russian)

Features of the program for calculating the main parameters of the orbital construction of multi-satellite communication systems in polar and quasi-polar circular orbits “Orbital Calculator”

I.N. Panteleimonov, The M.I. Krivosheev National Research Centre for Telecommunication (NRCT), head of laboratory; panteleimonovin@niс-t.ru

D.O. Myrov, NRCT, engineer; myrovdo@nic-t.ru

I.H. Yakhin, NRCT, head of department; yahinih@nic-t.ru

L.O. Myrova, NRCT, Scientific and technical center for satellite telecommunication systems, researcher, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); myrovalo@nic-t.ru

UDC 621.396.94
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.78.4.004

Abstract. This paper presents a calculation of the key orbital parameters for a multi-satellite orbital constellation for communications and data relay in circular polar and quasi-polar orbits with a hexagonal arrangement of relay satellites. The calculation was performed using the “Orbital Calculator” program, which features a user-friendly interface and allows one to determine the optimal orbital constellation composition, the maximum slant range from a relay satellite to a ground station, the diameter of the relay satellite’s radio coverage zone, the distances between adjacent spacecraft, and other parameters.

Keywords: spacecraft, orbital constellation, earth station, sub-satellite point, inclined range, radio horizon angle, radio review zone.

For citation: Panteleimonov, I.N. Features of the program for calculating the main parameters of the orbital construction of multi-satellite communication systems in polar and quasi-polar circular orbits “Orbital Calculator” / I.N. Panteleimonov, D.O. Myrov, I.H. Yakhin, L.O. Myrova // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 4. – P. 36-43. (in russian)

Methodology for estimating energy losses in satellite quantum communications systems taking into account atmospheric influences

M.V. Sapozhnikov, National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», junior researcher, Ph.D.; msapozh@jscc.ru

Yu.B. Mironov, National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», lead engineer, Ph.D.; ymironov@jscc.ru

UDC 535.2; 621.391.6; 621.391.8
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.78.4.005

Abstract. This article describes and verifies a developed methodology for estimating energy losses due to atmospheric influences during satellite quantum key distribution (QKD) implementation. This methodology takes into account the effects of atmospheric turbulence when calculating QKD efficiency in satellite quantum communication systems. The application of the developed methodology to numerical simulations of QKD experiments has improved the accuracy of QKD efficiency estimations compared to existing approaches. The developed and tested methodology improves the reliability of quantitative energy budget calculations for satellite quantum communication systems and, consequently, improves forecasting of key QKD efficiency indicators, thereby contributing to the feasibility study for the deployment of domestic global quantum communication networks.

Keywords: free-space optical communication, optical satellite communication, atmospheric turbulence, vertical profile of the structural constant, quantum key distribution, QKD, QKD efficiency, loss estimation method.

For citation: Sapozhnikov, M.V. Methodology for estimating energy losses in satellite quantum communications systems taking into account atmospheric influences / M.V. Sapozhnikov, Yu.B. Mironov // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 4. – P. 44-54. (in russian)

Faraday and Kerr effects in optical fiber under the action of the electromagnetic field of lightning currents

O.V. Kolesnikov, Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics (MTUCI), associate professor, Ph.D.; o.v.kolesnikov@mtuci.ru.

O.S. Belova, National Research University Moscow Power Engineering Institute (NRU MPEI), associate professor, Ph.D.; belovaos@mpei.ru

D.V. Bolotov, MTUCI, postgraduate; d.v.bolotov@mtuci.ru

G.P. Paimtsev, NRU MPEI, postgraduate; paimtsevgp@mpei.ru

UDC 621.391.63
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.78.4.006

Abstract. The impact of electromagnetic fields from lightning strikes on the polarization state (SOP) of light waves in high-speed fiber-optic lines (ITU-T G.652 standard) is investigated. A comprehensive electromagnetic model is developed using Jones and Mueller matrix formalism, accounting for the Faraday magneto-optic effect, nonlinear Kerr effect, and polarization mode dispersion. The model describes SOP behavior as a function of lightning strike parameters (current amplitude 20–100 kA, rise time 1–5 μs) and cable line geometry (distance 50–1000 m, burial depth 0–1 m). Numerical simulations show that at lightning distances of 100–500 m, the rate of SOP change reaches 105–106 rad/s, resulting in signal distortion and degradation of reception quality metrics (BER, QBER). For quantum key distribution using the BB84 protocol, the critical condition QBER≤11% is violated when the impact parameter index ≥30–50 (corresponding to currents of 80–100 kA at 100 m distance or equivalent conditions at larger distances). Effective protection parameters are proposed: grounding distance <50 m with resistance ≤1 and high-frequency filtering with cut-off frequency 5–20 kHz. Results are validated experimentally using a lightning impact simulator and numerical integration of Maxwell equations in attenuating media.

Keywords: quantum key distribution, lightning strikes, polarization state, Faraday effect, Kerr effect, optical fibers, electromagnetic compatibility, QBER, BB84.

For citation:Kolesnikov, O.V. Faraday and Kerr effects in optical fiber under the action of the electromagnetic field of lightning currents / O.V. Kolesnikov, O.S. Belova, D.V. Bolotov, G.P. Paimtsev // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 4. – P. 55-65. (in russian)

Investigation of a machine learning-based adaptive spatial diversity algorithm

K.K. Fam, The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications (SPbSUT), department of radio engineering, postgraduate; fam.kk@sut.ru

E.I. Glushankov, SPbSUT, department of radio engineering, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); glushankov.ei@sut.ru

UDC 621.396.4, 004.85
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.78.4.007

Abstract. The study develops an energy-efficient adaptive antenna selection algorithm for Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) systems based on a neural network classifier. To overcome the high computational complexity of existing methods, an imitation learning approach is applied: the network is trained on data from an iterative adaptive algorithm that determines the minimum required number of active antennas based on a specified bit error rate (BER) threshold. Simulation results under various fading channel conditions confirmed that the neural network algorithm provides a significant reduction in the average number of active antennas compared to classical MRC while maintaining the required noise immunity, making the proposed algorithm promising for low-latency communication systems.

Keywords: spatial diversity, maximal ratio combining, neural network, imitation learning, adaptive algorithm, energy efficiency.

For citation: Fam, K.K. Investigation of a machine learning-based adaptive spatial diversity algorithm / K.K. Fam, E.I. Glushankov // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 3. – P. 66-75. (in russian)

LoRa communication system model with cascaded multiplexing C-OChDM and analysis of forward error correction coding efficiency

K.Yu. Ryumshin, MTUCI, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); e86420@yandex.ru

A.I. Sattarova, MTUCI, assistance lecturer; ang.satt.97@gmail.com

D.S. Chirov, MTUCI, head of department, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); d.s.chirov@mtuci.ru

A.A. Frolov, MTUCI, associate professor, Ph.D.; a.a.frolov@mtuci.ru

Yu.V. Rautkin, 474th Military Representative Office of the Russian Ministry of Defence, lead specialist, Ph.D.; e86420@yandex.ru

UDC 621. 38
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.78.4.008

Abstract. The article presents a comprehensive simulation model of a LoRa communication system with C-OChDM cascade multiplexing and provides a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various noise-resistant coding methods in different data transmission channels. The developed LoRa signal generator model is integrated with C-OChDM cascade multiplexing, which allows for the investigation of the use of de Bruijn sequences to improve the efficiency of multiplexing in IoT applications. A systematic analysis of the physical layer implementation of the LoRa protocol and the energy assessment of subscriber radio lines in satellite IoT systems have been performed.

Keywords: LoRa, LoRaWAN, physical layer, Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS), linear frequency modulation, spreading factor, forward error correction, C-OChDM, satellite IoT, energy efficiency, spectral efficiency.

For citation: Ryumshin, K.Yu. LoRa communication system model with cascaded multiplexing C-OChDM and analysis of forward error correction coding efficiency / K.Yu. Ryumshin, A.I. Sattarova, D.S. Chirov et al. // Elec trosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 4. – P. 75-92. (in russian)

Code protection against device errors during storage, processing, and transmission of information

A.A. Pavlov, branch of the Military Academy of Strategic Missile Forces named after Peter the Great (MA SMF), professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); Pavlov_iif@mail.ru

A.N. Tsarkov, Institute of Engineering Physics, chairman of the board, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); info@iifrf.ru

A.A. Korobkov, Institute of Engineering Physics, head of the scientific and methodological department, associate professor, Ph.D.; aakorobkov@iifmail.ru

F.A. Pavlov, branch of the MA SMF, researcher; Pavlov_iif@mail.ru

UDC 004.052.2
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.78.4.009

Abstract. The paper studies the effectiveness of using the Hamming code for building self-healing fault-tolerant specialized computers with increased reliability of operation. The paper formulates the rules for constructing an algebraic linear code for detecting errors during arithmetic operations, which increases the reliability of the processor’s operation and ensures its fault tolerance (re-reading information when errors are detected); and for correcting single errors and detecting double errors during logical operations such as right shift, left shift, AND, OR, NOT, and modulo 2 addition.

Keywords: algebraic linear code, single error, double error, error syndrome, self-recovery, fault tolerance.

For citation: Pavlov, A.A. Code protection against device errors during storage, processing, and transmission of information / A.A. Pavlov, A.N. Tsarkov, A.A. Korobkov, F.A. Pavlov // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 3. – P. 93-104. (in russian)