Items of № 2-2026
Research and development of a model for automatic traffic flow management in cloud-fog infrastructures
E.V. Glushak, Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, associate professor of the department of networks and communication systems, Ph.D.; evglushak@yandex.ru
Abstract. The paper presents the results of a comprehensive study aimed at developing an adaptive mathematical model and algorithm for automatic traffic flow control in hybrid cloud-fog infrastructures. The simulation performed on a test system of three nodes (two fog nodes and one cloud server) demonstrated that the developed algorithm is able to significantly reduce average delays and queue sizes under various scenarios of incoming traffic growth, providing adaptive network stabilisation even after temporary overloads. A comparative analysis showed an increase in bandwidth of up to 25-30% and a reduction in data transmission latency of up to 20-25% compared to the basic centralised approach.
UDC 621.391
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.76.2.001
Keywords: automatic control models, hybrid networks, cloud-fog architecture, traffic, bandwidth, packet loss, route optimization, delays.
For citation: Glushak, E.V. Research and development of a model for automatic traffic flow management in cloud-fog infrastructures / E.V. Glushak // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 2-7. (in russian)
Development of a routing algorithm for hybrid networks with cloud-fog architecture based on the variational principle of least action
E.V. Glushak, Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics (PSUTI), department of networks and communication systems, associate professor, Ph.D.; evglushak@yandex.ru
D.S. Klyuev, PSUTI, head of the department of radioelectronic systems, professor, Dr.Sci.(Phys.-Math.); klyuevd@yandex.ru
UDC 621.391
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.76.2.002
Abstract. The article presents the development of a routing algorithm for hybrid networks with a cloud-fog architecture based on the variational principle of least action. Experimental studies conducted under network load conditions showed that the proposed algorithm significantly improves network performance. There is a 25.9% improvement in throughput, a 18.5% decrease in average RTT, a 37.5% decrease in jitter, and an 83.3% decrease in packet loss. The research results confirm the high efficiency of the proposed method in improving the quality of service in hybrid networks, especially for IoT and cloud computing applications.
Keywords: routing, hybrid networks, cloud-fog architecture, variational principle, IoT, bandwidth, packet loss, route optimization.
For citation: Glushak, E.V. Development of a routing algorithm for hybrid networks with cloud-fog architecture based on the variational principle of least action / E.V. Glushak, D.S. Klyuev // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 8-15. (in russian)
Justification of key requirements for a system for measuring the distance between a spacecraft and an earth station based on signal retransmission using technical means of space radio links
N.V. Lemeshko, JSC Corporation Kometa, deputy head of department, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); nlem83@mail.ru
A.N. Plotnikov, JSC Corporation Kometa, chief designer of the MKP; 89031276391@yandex.ru
I.V. Zmeev, JSC Corporation Kometa, chief designer of the RIUS; zmeev-ivan@yandex.ru
S.M. Gritsenko, JSC Corporation Kometa, head of sector; gricenko1812@yandex.ru
UDC 535.131
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.76.2.003
Abstract. This article substantiates the system’s characteristics for distance measurement systems between a spacecraft and an Earth station using a radio pulse relay. An overview of existing methods for measuring this distance is presented. Based on an analysis of the relay method implementation scheme using space radio link hardware, as well as the results of statistical modeling with error calculations for random measurement conditions, requirements for the intermediate frequency ratio and digitization frequency, the duration, repetition period, and envelope shape of radio pulses in the time domain, and the minimum effective bit depth of analog-to-digital converters are determined.
Keywords: spacecraft, earth station, range, radio link, relay, analog-to-digital converter, energy function, sampling frequency, effective number of bits, error, statistical modeling.
For citation: Lemeshko, N.V. Justification of key requirements for a system for measuring the distance between a spacecraft and an earth station based on signal retransmission using technical means of space radio links / N.V. Lemeshko, A.N. Plotnikov, I.V. Zmeev, S.M. Gritsenko // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 16-29. (in russian)
Tasks of multiservice traffic processing under extraordinary events
A.V. Fedorov, Saint Petersburg’s branch of The M.I. Krivosheev National Research Centre for Telecommunication (NRCT), head of the engineering and technical department; fedorovav@nic-t.ru
UDC 621.391
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.76.2.004
Abstract. The problems of choosing ways to multiservice traffic processing in the event of unusual events are considered. It is shown that in such cases, the characteristics of multiservice traffic and the requirements for the quality of its service change significantly. Priority assignment rules are proposed that allow multiservice traffic to be serviced when unusual events occur. The directions of further research are formulated.
Keywords: extraordinary event, multiservice traffic, priority, quality of service, IP-packet.
For citation: Fedorov, A.V. Tasks of multiservice traffic processing under extraordinary events / A.V. Fedorov // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 30-35. (in russian)
Features of dynamic routing in heterogeneous Internet of Things networks based on cognitive radio
K.A. Snopok, Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI), department 408 «Infocommunications», researcher; ksnopok@mail.ru
A.M. Petrakov, MAI, department 408 «Infocommunications», researcher, associate professor, Ph.D.; pamkaf408@mail.ru
UDC 621.396.2
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.76.2.005
Abstract. This paper examines current trends in the development of LPWAN Internet of Things network architecture from the perspective of applying mesh network topology and multi-hop communication principles. The problems of routing organization in heterogeneous Internet of Things networks based on cognitive radio (CR-LPWAN) using centralized or decentralized subsystems for monitoring white spots in the radio frequency spectrum are formulated. An analysis of the applicability of known proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols used in WSN, MANET, and LLN networks is performed as a basis for developing a new dynamic routing algorithm in CR-LPWAN. It is established that the protocols considered do not solve the problems of routing organization in CR-LPWAN. The RPL protocol was identified as the most suitable basis for developing a new routing algorithm, as it allows the mechanism for determining the rank of network nodes to be adapted to take into account the special parameters of CR-LPWAN.
Keywords: heterogeneous networks, Internet of Things, dynamic routing, LPWAN, cognitive radio, white spaces, RPL.
For citation: Snopok, K.A. Features of dynamic routing in heterogeneous Internet of Things networks based on cognitive radio / K.A. Snopok, A.M. Petrakov // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 35-44. (in russian)
Holistic modeling of network components in information system import substitution projects incorporating fractal properties of traffic
D.E. Sokolov, RTK IT, head of billing systems implementation group; dmsokolov@gmail.com
N.G. Trenogin, Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Information Science (SibSUTIS), department of telecommunication networks and computing facilities, associate professor, RTK IT, director of the department of development of information systems and platforms, Ph.D.; trenogin@mail.ru
UDC 004.75
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.76.2.006
Abstract. The article presents the results of a study of the statistical characteristics and correlation structure of network traffic generated by client-server applications, and conclusions regarding the presence of fractal (self-similar) properties in such traffic. Furthermore, based on the results of simulation modeling of real traffic and a modeling sequence obtained using the fractal shot process FSNDP with the same characteristics, a conclusion is drawn regarding the feasibility of adequately modeling the traffic of client-server systems using this stochastic process. Based on the analytical relationships previously obtained by the authors for estimating the queue in a queuing system of the FSNDP/D/1 type, as well as conclusions regarding the relationship between the fractal properties of sequences of application and network layer events in distributed information systems, a comprehensive step-by-step methodology for forecasting channel bandwidth requirements in such systems at the prototype construction stage is proposed.
Keywords: fractal traffic, fractal shot process, queuing theory, teletraffic theory, FSNDP, queuing system, import substitution.
For citation: Sokolov, D.E. Holistic modeling of network components in information system import substitution projects incorporating fractal properties of traffic / D.E. Sokolov, N.G. Trenogin // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 45-54. (in russian)
Development of a load balancing model in a SDN multicontroller network taking into account QoS parameters
J.S. Dmitrieva, The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications (SPbSUT), department of infocommunication systems, senior lecturer; dmitrieva_spbgut@bk.ru
UDC 004.7
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.76.2.007
Abstract. In the article a two-level model of load balancing in a multi-controller SDN network that takes into account quality of service (QoS) parameters is proposed and investigated. For traffic distribution at the controller and switch levels, an improved Enhanced Weighted Round-Robin (EWRR) algorithm is used, integrated with mechanisms for normalising various QoS parameters of the controller (request processing delay, discarded packets) and the switch (delay, packet loss, jitter). The model demonstrates a significant improvement in the weighted average combined QoS indicator – by 22.42% at the controller level and by 47.92% at the switch level – compared to load-only balancing. The results confirm the effectiveness of the QoS-oriented approach to increase the productivity and fault tolerance of software-configurable networks.
Keywords: software-defined networking (SDN), software-defined network (SDN), load balancing, quality of service, Quality of Service (QoS), multi-controller architecture, Enhanced Weighted Round-Robin algorithm, two-level model, parameter normalization.
For citation: Dmitrieva, J.S. Development of a load balancing model in a SDN multicontroller network taking into account QoS parameters / J.S. Dmitrieva // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 55-61. (in russian)
Signal-code constructions for data transmission systems in multipath communication channel
I.B. Saenko, Saint Petersburg’s branch of the M.I. Krivosheev National Research Centre for Telecommunication (NRCT), senior researcher, Military Telecommunication Academy, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); ibsaen@mail.ru
V.V. Sazonov, Military Telecommunication Academy, doctoral candidate, associate professor, Ph.D.; vmktor-sazonov@yandex.ru
Kh.B. Albadr, Military Telecommunication Academy, adjunct; khodr.badr@gmail.com
A.A. Ivanov, Saint Petersburg’s branch of the NRCT, head of scientific and technical department, Ph.D.; ivanovaa@nic-t.ru
UDC 621.396.24
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.76.2.008
Abstract. An improved algorithm for synthesizing ensembles of discrete orthogonal signals is presented, implementing a mathematical framework based on the unique properties of a bidiagonal Hermitian matrix and the vector representation of functions and operators. At each step of the algorithm, model and characteristic spaces are sequentially formed, a control operator is constructed, a regularizer is determined to narrow the set of equivalent solutions, and terminal control is selected. Special attention is given to ensuring minimal values of the sidelobe levels in the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions of the synthesized ensembles. The use of the developed algorithm for synthesizing ensembles of discrete orthogonal signals in forming signal-code structures in data transmission systems under multipath channel conditions will provide an energy gain of up to 7 dB.
Keywords: signal-code constructions, ensemble of discrete orthogonal signals, data transmission system, multipath communication channel, shortwave band, bidiagonal Hermitian matrix, signal synthesis, noise immunity, Rayleigh fading, autocorrelation function, cross-correlation function, energy gain.
For citation: Saenko, I.B. Signal-code constructions for data transmission systems in multipath communication channel / I.B. Saenko, V.V. Sazonov, Kh.B. Albadr, A.A. Ivanov // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 62-72. (in russian)
Linear iterative demodulation algorithm for high-dimensional MIMO systems
S.B.K. Ben Rezheb, Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics (MTUCI), postgraduate; sbenrezheb@yandex.ru
V.B. Kreyndelin, MTUCI, head of the department of electrical circuit theory, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); vitkrend@gmail.com
UDC 621.396
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.76.2.009
Abstract. A linear iterative demodulation algorithm for Massive MIMO systems (128×128, 256×256, 512×512) is proposed. It is based on the well-known optimized second-order gradient method (Optimized Gradient Method 2, OGM2). The proposed algorithm provides acceptable noise immunity with a significant reduction in computational complexity compared to the MMSE algorithm, making it a promising solution for modern wireless communication systems with a large number of antennas. Simulation results are presented, showing that the proposed iterative demodulation algorithm has significantly lower computational complexity (by a factor of 4–17) compared to the classical MMSE algorithm with low energy losses (0.2–0.5 dB) when used in a Massive MIMO system with error-correcting coding.
Keywords: MIMO, MMSE, OGM2, QAM, noise immunity, computational complexity, turbo code.
For citation: Ben Rezheb, S.B.K. Linear iterative demodulation algorithm for high-dimensional MIMO systems / S.B.K. Ben Rezheb, V.B. Kreyndelin // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 72-79. (in russian)
Simulation of all-weather quantum hybrid communication system with atmospheric optical channel
E.Y. Bushuev, Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics (MTUCI), senior lecturer; eb@radiotest-mtuci.ru
E.P. Stroganova, MTUCI, professor, Dr.Sci.(Tech.); es@radiotest-mtuci.ru
UDC 621.391.63:681.7.069.24
DOI: 10.34832/ELSV.2026.76.2.010
Abstract. An analysis of the impact of atmospheric factors on a quantum hybrid communication system with an atmospheric optical segment was conducted. A model for the availability of a quantum atmospheric communication channel was developed based on an assessment of the sieved key generation rate, the ability of a single-photon receiver to receive light quanta, and key optical signal propagation parameters. Calculations of the maximum operating range of quantum communication under typical weather conditions in the central region of Russia, with various characteristics of the quantum communication system equipment, are presented. These calculations can be used in the design of all-weather quantum communication systems.
Keywords: hybrid communication network, optical communication, quantum key distribution, modeling, communication range.
For citation: Bushuev, E.Y. Simulation of all-weather quantum hybrid communication system with atmospheric optical channel / E.Y. Bushuev, E.P. Stroganova // Electrosvyaz. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 80-90. (in russian)
